TIDE: Time Derivative Diffusion for Deep Learning on Graphs
Abstract
A prominent paradigm for graph neural networks is based on the message-passing framework. In this framework, information communication is realized only between neighboring nodes. The challenge of approaches that use this paradigm is to ensure efficient and accurate long-distance communication between nodes, as deep convolutional networks are prone to oversmoothing. In this paper, we present a novel method based on time derivative graph diffusion (TIDE) to overcome these structural limitations of the message-passing framework. Our approach allows for optimizing the spatial extent of diffusion across various tasks and network channels, thus enabling medium and long-distance communication efficiently. Furthermore, we show that our architecture design also enables local message-passing and thus inherits from the capabilities of local message-passing approaches. We show that on both widely used graph benchmarks and synthetic mesh and graph datasets, the proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin
Benchmark Results
Tested on 14 datasets 18 baseline values reported too low
Tables show presented results in global context (best 3 papers + GCN + MLP).
Classic
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GraphSAGE+CNA | 0.9418
±0.0033 | |
| 2 | GCN+CNA | 0.9366
±0.0048 | |
| 3 | TransformerConv | 0.9350
±0.0058 | |
| 21 | GCN | 0.9004 | |
| 87 | GRAND | 0.8815 best reported | best at pub: Graph-Coupled Oscillator Networks (ICML 2022) best today: Feature Transportation Improves Graph Neural Networks (AAAI 2023) |
| 612 | DiffusionNet | 0.8096
±0.0050 | This paper |
| 724 | MLP | 0.7768 |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CNA | 0.9575
±0.0058 | |
| 2 | IS-GIB | 0.9390
±0.0187 | |
| 3 | EERM | 0.9112
±0.0145 | |
| 44 | GCN | 0.8033
±0.0088 | |
| 122 | GRAND | 0.7657 best reported | best at pub: Graph-Coupled Oscillator Networks (ICML 2022) best today: Feature Transportation Improves Graph Neural Networks (AAAI 2023) |
| 350 | MLP | 0.7289
±0.0010 | |
| 602 | TIDE-m | 0.7032
±0.0068 | This paper |
| 610 | TIDE-s | 0.7024
±0.0080 | This paper |
| 623 | DiffusionNet | 0.7000
±0.0091 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LGTL | 0.9518
±0.0011 | |
| 2 | MixHop (LO) | 0.9513
±0.0038 | |
| 3 | GraphSAGE (LO) | 0.9511
±0.0036 | |
| 18 | GCN | 0.9296
±0.0015 | |
| 109 | GRAND | 0.8902 best reported | best at pub: Graph-Coupled Oscillator Networks (ICML 2022) best today: Feature Transportation Improves Graph Neural Networks (AAAI 2023) |
| 210 | MLP | 0.8690
±0.0074 | |
| 709 | TIDE-m | 0.7759
±0.0004 | This paper |
| 725 | TIDE-s | 0.7724
±0.0062 | This paper |
| 817 | DiffusionNet | 0.7309
±0.0015 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GraphTARIF | 0.9703
±0.0019 | |
| 2 | GAT | 0.9669
±0.0014 | |
| 3 | GAT+T | 0.9660
±0.0007 | |
| 7 | SAGE | 0.9643
±0.0027 | |
| 20 | GRAND | 0.9579
±0.0059 best reported | best today: Graph Wave Networks (WWW 2025) |
| 337 | TIDE-s | 0.9206
±0.0051 | This paper |
| 387 | TIDE-m | 0.9133
±0.0047 | This paper |
| 390 | MLP | 0.9128
±0.0063 | |
| 496 | DiffusionNet | 0.8717
±0.0026 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GraphTARIF | 0.9461
±0.0017 | |
| 2 | GCN | 0.9412
±0.0008 | |
| 3 | GAT | 0.9398
±0.0022 | |
| 8 | SAGE | 0.9351
±0.0006 | |
| 144 | GRAND | 0.8937
±0.0041 best reported | best today: Graph Wave Networks (WWW 2025) |
| 320 | MLP | 0.8463 | |
| 383 | TIDE-s | 0.8301
±0.0002 | This paper |
| 401 | TIDE-m | 0.8211
±0.0003 | This paper |
| 454 | DiffusionNet | 0.7472
±0.0066 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DoG | 0.9690
±0.0030 | |
| 2 | GWN-fa | 0.9667
±0.0026 | |
| 3 | GWN-sym | 0.9666
±0.0026 | |
| 6 | GraphSAGE | 0.9593
±0.0025 | |
| 10 | GRAND | 0.9577
±0.0028 best reported | best today: Graph Wave Networks (WWW 2025) |
| 88 | MLP | 0.9280
±0.0020 | |
| 161 | TIDE-s | 0.9021
±0.0012 | This paper |
| 164 | TIDE-m | 0.8986
±0.0030 | This paper |
| 168 | DiffusionNet | 0.8952
±0.0022 | This paper |
OGB
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GIANT-XRT | 0.7612
±0.0016 | |
| 2 | GEGCN | 0.7576
±0.0064 | |
| 3 | AGDN | 0.7522
±0.0007 | |
| 23 | GCN | 0.7300
±0.0017 | |
| 90 | TIDE-s | 0.6843
±0.0035 | This paper |
| 96 | TIDE-m | 0.6786
±0.0110 | This paper |
| 106 | GRAND | 0.5929
±0.0012 | This paper |
| 107 | MLP | 0.5765
±0.0012 | |
| 110 | DiffusionNet | 0.5479
±0.0016 | This paper |
Heterophilic Graphs
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | P^2GNN | 0.9672
±0.0147 | |
| 2 | DoG | 0.9660
±0.0210 | |
| 3 | GPF-plus | 0.9583
±0.0419 | |
| 34 | MLP | 0.9230
±0.0070 | |
| 53 | GraphSAGE | 0.9000
±0.0365 | |
| 211 | GAT | 0.8162
±0.0645 best reported | best at pub: Restructuring Graphs for Higher Homophily via Adaptive Spectral Clustering (AAAI 2022) best today: Equivariance Everywhere All At Once: A Recipe for Graph Foundation Models (2025) |
| 217 | GRAND | 0.8140
±0.0350 best reported | best at pub: Understanding convolution on graphs via energies (TMLR 2022) best today: When Graph Neural Networks Meet Dynamic Mode Decomposition (ICLR 2024) |
| 257 | GCN | 0.7933
±0.0447 best reported | best at pub: Restructuring Graphs for Higher Homophily via Adaptive Spectral Clustering (AAAI 2022) best today: Graph Wave Networks (WWW 2025) |
| 443 | TIDE-m | 0.6486
±0.0150 | This paper |
| 452 | TIDE-s | 0.6381
±0.0190 | This paper |
| 477 | DiffusionNet | 0.6216 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | P^2GNN | 0.9541
±0.0272 | |
| 2 | ACM-GCN | 0.9480
±0.0380 | |
| 3 | RF-GCN | 0.9429 | |
| 24 | MLP | 0.9136
±0.0070 | |
| 138 | SAGE | 0.8269 | |
| 142 | GRAND | 0.8246
±0.0709 best reported | best at pub: Understanding convolution on graphs via energies (TMLR 2022) best today: Graph Navier–Stokes Networks (2026) |
| 158 | GAT | 0.8190
±0.0540 best reported | best at pub: Restructuring Graphs for Higher Homophily via Adaptive Spectral Clustering (AAAI 2022) |
| 170 | GCN | 0.8082
±0.0360 best reported | best at pub: Restructuring Graphs for Higher Homophily via Adaptive Spectral Clustering (AAAI 2022) best today: Bayesian Neighborhood Adaptation for Graph Neural Networks (TMLR 2025) |
| 382 | TIDE-s | 0.5946
±0.0190 | This paper |
| 403 | TIDE-m | 0.5811
±0.0190 | This paper |
| 420 | DiffusionNet | 0.5676
±0.0060 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DiGGR | 0.4535
±0.0353 | |
| 2 | TRIGON | 0.4402
±0.0028 | |
| 3 | DoG | 0.4320
±0.0120 | |
| 42 | MLP | 0.4026
±0.0108 | |
| 68 | GraphSAGE | 0.3899
±0.0085 | |
| 135 | GCN | 0.3690 best reported | best at pub: Beyond Low-frequency Information in Graph Convolutional Networks (AAAI 2021) |
| 154 | TIDE-s | 0.3664
±0.0047 | This paper |
| 178 | TIDE-m | 0.3618
±0.0047 | This paper |
| 182 | GAT | 0.3605
±0.0035 best reported | best at pub: Hierarchical Graph Transformer with Adaptive Node Sampling (NeurIPS 2022) |
| 203 | GRAND | 0.3562
±0.0101 best reported | best at pub: Understanding convolution on graphs via energies (TMLR 2022) best today: Graph Navier–Stokes Networks (2026) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 253 | DiffusionNet | 0.3444
±0.0033 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hetero-S (GAT 8-layer) | 0.8693 | |
| 2 | Dir-GNN+CNA | 0.8586
±0.0180 | |
| 3 | GAT | 0.8560 best reported | best at pub: Restructuring Graphs for Higher Homophily via Adaptive Spectral Clustering (AAAI 2022) best today: The Heterophilic Snowflake Hypothesis: Training and Empowering GNNs for Heterophilic Graphs (KDD 2024) |
| 52 | GCN | 0.7033 best reported | best at pub: Non-Local Graph Neural Networks (2020) best today: Understanding Heterophily for Graph Neural Networks (ICML 2024) |
| 108 | SAGE | 0.6340
±0.0300 | |
| 151 | GRAND | 0.5772
±0.0186 best reported | |
| 169 | MLP | 0.5429 | |
| 171 | DiffusionNet | 0.5384
±0.0110 | This paper |
| 182 | TIDE-m | 0.5208
±0.0110 | This paper |
| 185 | TIDE-s | 0.5175
±0.0047 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DMD++ | 0.9190
±0.0260 | |
| 2 | F-GREAD-BS | 0.9059
±0.0380 | |
| 3 | APPNP | 0.9010
±0.0350 | |
| 13 | GRAND | 0.8860
±0.0210 best reported | best today: When Graph Neural Networks Meet Dynamic Mode Decomposition (ICLR 2024) |
| 37 | MLP | 0.8629
±0.0450 | |
| 53 | GAT | 0.8430
±0.0370 best reported | best at pub: Restructuring Graphs for Higher Homophily via Adaptive Spectral Clustering (AAAI 2022) |
| 63 | GCN | 0.8310
±0.0320 best reported | best at pub: Restructuring Graphs for Higher Homophily via Adaptive Spectral Clustering (AAAI 2022) |
| 69 | GraphSAGE | 0.8118
±0.0556 | |
| 130 | TIDE-m | 0.6961
±0.0140 | This paper |
| 136 | TIDE-s | 0.6863
±0.0140 | This paper |
| 159 | DiffusionNet | 0.6278
±0.0280 | This paper |
LINKX Benchmarks
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FaberNet | 0.7510
±0.0003 | |
| 2 | LargeScaleNet | 0.7505
±0.0005 | |
| 3 | DirGNN | 0.7395
±0.0005 | |
| 16 | GCN | 0.5102
±0.0006 best reported | best at pub: Non-Local Graph Neural Networks (2020) best today: Scale-aware Message Passing For Graph Node Classification (2024) |
| 23 | GAT | 0.4540
±0.0040 best reported | best at pub: Non-Local Graph Neural Networks (2020) |
| 26 | TIDE-s | 0.4075
±0.0058 | This paper |
| 27 | TIDE-m | 0.4056
±0.0170 | This paper |
| 29 | GRAND | 0.3889
±0.0042 | This paper |
| 32 | MLP | 0.3150 | |
| 33 | DiffusionNet | 0.3069
±0.0001 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DGT | 0.6609
±0.0022 | |
| 2 | ICG_u-NN | 0.6608
±0.0074 | |
| 3 | LINKX | 0.6606
±0.0019 | |
| 14 | GraphSAGE | 0.6473
±0.0011 | |
| 16 | GCN | 0.6434
±0.0012 best reported | best at pub: Deformable Graph Transformer (2022) |
| 25 | GAT | 0.6290
±0.0022 best reported | best at pub: Deformable Graph Transformer (2022) |
| 33 | MLP | 0.6114
±0.0006 | |
| 38 | TIDE-m | 0.6081
±0.0004 | This paper |
| 41 | TIDE-s | 0.6040
±0.0013 | This paper |
| 42 | GRAND | 0.5985
±0.0003 | This paper |
| 48 | DiffusionNet | 0.5572
±0.0160 | This paper |
