Unifying Graph Contrastive Learning via Graph Message Augmentation
Abstract
Graph contrastive learning is usually performed by first conducting Graph Data Augmentation (GDA) and then employing a contrastive learning pipeline to train GNNs. As we know that GDA is an important issue for graph contrastive learning. Various GDAs have been developed recently which mainly involve dropping or perturbing edges, nodes, node attributes and edge attributes. However, to our knowledge, it still lacks a universal and effective augmentor that is suitable for different types of graph data. To address this issue, in this paper, we first introduce the graph message representation of graph data. Based on it, we then propose a novel Graph Message Augmentation (GMA), a universal scheme for reformulating many existing GDAs. The proposed unified GMA not only gives a new perspective to understand many existing GDAs but also provides a universal and more effective graph data augmentation for graph self-supervised learning tasks. Moreover, GMA introduces an easy way to implement the mixup augmentor which is natural for images but usually challengeable for graphs. Based on the proposed GMA, we then propose a unified graph contrastive learning, termed Graph Message Contrastive Learning (GMCL), that employs attribution-guided universal GMA for graph contrastive learning. Experiments on many graph learning tasks demonstrate the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed GMA and GMCL approaches.
Benchmark Results
Tested on 5 datasets 9 baseline values reported too low
Tables show presented results in global context (best 3 papers + GCN + MLP).
TU Dortmund
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MSH-GNN | 0.9910
±0.0030 | |
| 2 | ID-GNN+BEC | 0.9830
±0.0360 | |
| 3 | SupCosine | 0.9830
±0.0250 | |
| 30 | GMCL-D | 0.9409
±0.0628 | This paper |
| 39 | GIN | 0.9330
±0.0290 | |
| 42 | GMCL-P | 0.9310
±0.0533 | This paper |
| 43 | GMCL-M | 0.9310
±0.0630 | This paper |
| 44 | Message perturb | 0.9310
±0.0533 | This paper |
| 59 | Message mixup | 0.9254
±0.0685 | This paper |
| 72 | Message drop | 0.9208
±0.0484 | This paper |
| 94 | Node drop | 0.9149
±0.0587 | This paper |
| 95 | Edge drop | 0.9146
±0.0612 | This paper |
| 96 | Node attribute drop | 0.9146
±0.0428 | This paper |
| 122 | Node perturb | 0.9096
±0.0426 | This paper |
| 123 | Node attribute perturb | 0.9096
±0.0337 | This paper |
| 137 | GRACE | 0.9065
±0.0081 | This paper |
| 138 | GCA | 0.9060
±0.0076 best reported | best at pub: GIMM: InfoMin-Max for Automated Graph Contrastive Learning (2023) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 159 | WL | 0.9040
±0.0570 best reported | best at pub: How Powerful are $K$-hop Message Passing Graph Neural Networks (NeurIPS 2022) |
| 172 | Edge perturb | 0.9038
±0.0528 | This paper |
| 178 | AD-GCL | 0.9028
±0.0401 | prev best: Graph Self-Supervised Learning: A Survey (2021) Improvement within reported uncertainty; not highlighted. |
| 189 | subgraph | 0.9000
±0.0598 | This paper |
| 222 | JOAOv2 | 0.8967
±0.0524 | prev best: Graph Contrastive Learning Automated (ICML 2021) Improvement within reported uncertainty; not highlighted. |
| 257 | InfoGraph | 0.8930
±0.0514 best reported | best at pub: Improving Expressivity of GNNs with Subgraph-specific Factor Embedded Normalization (KDD 2023) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 302 | AutoGCL | 0.8864
±0.0108 | This paper |
| 354 | GraphCL | 0.8766
±0.0103 best reported | best at pub: Graph Masked Autoencoders with Transformers (2022) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 365 | DGK | 0.8744
±0.0272 | This paper |
| 403 | MLP | 0.8660
±0.0495 | |
| 407 | graph2vec | 0.8644
±0.0125 best reported | best at pub: Graph Masked Autoencoders with Transformers (2022) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 444 | GL | 0.8520
±0.0090 best reported | best at pub: On Valid Optimal Assignment Kernels and Applications to Graph Classification (NeurIPS 2016) |
| 472 | Sub2Vec | 0.8447
±0.0037 best reported | best at pub: Graph Masked Autoencoders with Transformers (2022) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 746 | Node2Vec | 0.7263
±0.1020 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | WL-MLP | 0.9954 | |
| 2 | GIN | 0.9934 | |
| 3 | GCN | 0.9727 | |
| 12 | WL | 0.8590
±0.0010 best reported | best at pub: Propagation Kernels (2014) |
| 76 | GMCL-D | 0.8299
±0.0206 | This paper |
| 89 | GMCL-M | 0.8275
±0.0170 | This paper |
| 104 | GraphCL | 0.8250
±0.0013 best reported | best at pub: Label-invariant Augmentation for Semi-Supervised Graph Classification (NeurIPS 2022) |
| 133 | AutoGCL | 0.8200
±0.0029 | prev best: GIMM: InfoMin-Max for Automated Graph Contrastive Learning (2023) |
| 131 | GraphSAGE | 0.8200
±0.0100 | |
| 136 | GMCL-P | 0.8199
±0.0218 | This paper |
| 210 | DGK | 0.8031
±0.0046 | This paper |
| 338 | InfoGraph | 0.7750
±0.0074 best reported | best at pub: Graph Masked Autoencoders with Transformers (2022) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 351 | GRACE | 0.7720
±0.0150 best reported | best today: Revisiting Graph Autoencoders as Implicit Contrastive Learners (KDD 2024) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 406 | graph2vec | 0.7540
±0.0120 best reported | best at pub: InfoGCL: Information-Aware Graph Contrastive Learning (NeurIPS 2021) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 557 | Sub2Vec | 0.5976
±0.0035 best reported | best at pub: Graph Masked Autoencoders with Transformers (2022) |
| 571 | Node2Vec | 0.5490
±0.0160 best reported | best at pub: InfoGCL: Information-Aware Graph Contrastive Learning (NeurIPS 2021) best today: GPS: graph contrastive learning via multi-scale augmented views from adversarial pooling (2024) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | WL-MLP | 0.9792 | |
| 2 | MSH-GNN | 0.9640
±0.0070 | |
| 3 | CoCN | 0.8722
±0.0013 | |
| 23 | GCN | 0.8260
±0.0220 | |
| 32 | JOAOv2 | 0.8216
±0.0017 best reported | best at pub: Label-invariant Augmentation for Semi-Supervised Graph Classification (NeurIPS 2022) |
| 80 | GraphCL | 0.8108
±0.0017 best reported | best at pub: Label-invariant Augmentation for Semi-Supervised Graph Classification (NeurIPS 2022) |
| 81 | Infomax | 0.8104
±0.0012 best reported | best at pub: Label-invariant Augmentation for Semi-Supervised Graph Classification (NeurIPS 2022) |
| 141 | GRACE | 0.7960
±0.0130 best reported | best today: Revisiting Graph Autoencoders as Implicit Contrastive Learners (KDD 2024) |
| 146 | InfoGraph | 0.7940 best reported | best at pub: CogDL: A Comprehensive Library for Graph Deep Learning (WWW 2021) |
| 151 | MLP | 0.7920
±0.0240 | |
| 204 | AutoGCL | 0.7716
±0.0148 | This paper |
| 215 | GMCL-M | 0.7670
±0.0180 | This paper |
| 221 | GMCL-P | 0.7644
±0.0167 | This paper |
| 222 | GMCL-D | 0.7640
±0.0140 | This paper |
| 233 | AD-GCL | 0.7582
±0.0026 | This paper |
| 259 | GCA | 0.7432
±0.0230 | This paper |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ID-GNN+BEC | 0.8150
±0.0240 | |
| 2 | GIN+BEC | 0.8080
±0.0330 | |
| 3 | GCN+BEC | 0.7990
±0.0340 | |
| 4 | GCN | 0.7980
±0.0230 | |
| 29 | GMCL-P | 0.7560
±0.0317 | This paper |
| 34 | GMCL-D | 0.7520
±0.0404 | This paper |
| 37 | GMCL-M | 0.7510
±0.0416 | This paper |
| 72 | WL | 0.7340
±0.0463 best reported | best at pub: Contrastive Multi-View Representation Learning on Graphs (ICML 2020) best today: Graph Learning with Distributional Edge Layouts (2024) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 73 | AutoGCL | 0.7330
±0.0040 | prev best: Automated Data Augmentations for Graph Classification (ICLR 2022) |
| 82 | InfoGraph | 0.7303
±0.0087 | This paper |
| 115 | JOAOv2 | 0.7160
±0.0086 | prev best: Automated Data Augmentations for Graph Classification (ICLR 2022) Improvement within reported uncertainty; not highlighted. |
| 123 | GRACE | 0.7135
±0.0046 | This paper |
| 124 | GraphCL | 0.7114
±0.0044 | This paper |
| 125 | graph2vec | 0.7110
±0.0054 | This paper |
| 140 | DGK | 0.6700
±0.0060 best reported | best at pub: Contrastive Multi-View Representation Learning on Graphs (ICML 2020) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 143 | GL | 0.6587
±0.0098 | This paper |
| 154 | Sub2Vec | 0.5530
±0.0150 best reported | best at pub: Contrastive Multi-View Representation Learning on Graphs (ICML 2020) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| # | Model | Accuracy ↑ | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SpeGCL | 0.5944
±0.0018 | |
| 2 | GIN | 0.5760
±0.0150 | |
| 3 | LAMP-Soft | 0.5738
±0.0041 | |
| 5 | GMCL-M | 0.5681
±0.0250 | This paper |
| 6 | AutoGCL | 0.5675
±0.0018 | prev best: GIMM: InfoMin-Max for Automated Graph Contrastive Learning (2023) |
| 7 | GMCL-D | 0.5663
±0.0186 | This paper |
| 8 | GMCL-P | 0.5635
±0.0231 | This paper |
| 11 | GraphCL | 0.5599
±0.0028 | prev best: GIMM: InfoMin-Max for Automated Graph Contrastive Learning (2023) |
| 14 | GRACE | 0.5571
±0.0083 | This paper |
| 16 | AD-GCL | 0.5490
±0.0040 best reported | best at pub: GIMM: InfoMin-Max for Automated Graph Contrastive Learning (2023) |
| 18 | Infomax | 0.5361
±0.0031 | This paper |
| 19 | InfoGraph | 0.5350
±0.0100 best reported | best today: GPS: graph contrastive learning via multi-scale augmented views from adversarial pooling (2024) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 20 | JOAOv2 | 0.5271
±0.0028 | This paper |
| 23 | graph2vec | 0.4790
±0.0030 best reported | best today: GPS: graph contrastive learning via multi-scale augmented views from adversarial pooling (2024) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 25 | WL | 0.4610
±0.0020 best reported | best today: GPS: graph contrastive learning via multi-scale augmented views from adversarial pooling (2024) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 26 | GraphSAGE | 0.4380
±0.0320 | |
| 27 | DGK | 0.4127
±0.0018 | This paper |
| 28 | GL | 0.4101
±0.0017 | This paper |
| 31 | Sub2Vec | 0.3670
±0.0040 best reported | best today: GPS: graph contrastive learning via multi-scale augmented views from adversarial pooling (2024) Difference within reported uncertainty; not counted as underperformance. |
| 32 | GCA | 0.3295
±0.1089 | This paper |
